မငိုပါနဲ႔ လက္ပေတာင္းေတာင္ရယ္

လူသားႏွင့္တိုက္ပြဲ

        လူသားတိုင္း၏ ဖြဲ႔စည္းတည္ေဆာက္ပံုအရ အဓိကက်ေသာအစိတ္အပိုင္း(၃)ခုရွိရာတြင္ (၁)အစာအိမ္ ပိုင္း (၂) ႏွလံုးသားပိုင္း (၃) ဦးေႏွာက္ပိုင္းတို႔၏ေစ့ေဆာ္မႈအရ တိုက္ပြဲမ်ားျဖစ္ေပၚလာရေပသည္။ လူသား  ႏွင့္

တိုက္ပြဲကို ခြဲျခား၍မရႏိုင္ေသာသေဘာရွိေပသည္။ ေခတ္အလိုက္ လူသားတို႔၏ တိုးတက္မႈႏွင့္အညီ တိုက္ပြဲ၏

ပံုသ႑န္ေျပာင္းလဲျခင္းသာရွိေနမည္။အစာအိမ္၏ နပူနဆာလုပ္မႈတို႔ေၾကာင့္ ဦးေႏွာက္သည္ ၾကံရဖန္ရျပီး လွ်င္

တိုက္ပြဲသ႑န္ကို မဟာဗ်ဴဟာခ်မွတ္ေပးရသလို ႏွလံုးသား၏ လံႈ႔ ေဆာ္မႈေၾကာင့္ ဦးေႏွာက္ပိုင္းက တိုက္ပြဲ၀င္ လက္နက္ကရိယာေတြကို တာ၀န္ယူစီမံဖန္တီးေပးရေလသည္။ ကာလတခုသို႔ေရာက္လာေသာအခါ ထို အစာ

အိမ္ႏွင့္ ႏွလံုးသားတို႔၏ ဆႏၵေတြကိုမလိုက္ေလွ်ာဘဲ ကိ်ဳးေၾကာင္းဆက္ႏြယိမႈကို ဆင္ျခင္သည့္ ဦးေႏွာက္ပိုင္း

ဆိုင္ရာအေတြး အေခၚ(သို႔မဟုတ္) တရားမွ်တမႈႏွင့္လြတ္လတ္ခြင့္ ဆိုင္ရာ လူသား၀ါဒေတြကို ေဖၚထုတ္လာ

ခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။သို႔ေသာ္ အင္အားၾကီး၀ါဒႏွင့္လူသား၀ါဒတို႔သည္ယေန႔အထိစည္းခ်က္၀ါးခ်က္ကိုက္ညီမႈ မရွိ

ေသးသည္ကို ေတြ႔ေန၇ပါတယ္။

The sources of political power depend on obedience and cooperation

        These six sources of political power are necessary to establish or retain power and control. Their availability , however , is subject to constant variation and is not necessarily secure.

        The more extensive and detailed the rulers’ control over the population and society, the more such assistance they will require from individuals, groups, organizations, and branches of the government. If these needed “assistants” reject the rulers’ authority, They my then carry out the rulers’ wishes and orders inefficiently , or may even flatly refuse to continue their usual assistance . When this happens the total effective  power of the rulers is reduced.

        Because the rulers are dependent on their people to operate the system, the rulers are continually subject to influence and restriction by both their direct assistants and the general population .The potential control of these groups over  the rulers will be greatest where the rulers depend on them most .

        Let us, for example, consider authority and sanctions from this point of view. The other four sources of power are highly dependent on these two.

          Authority is necessary for the existence and operation of any regime. All rulers require an acceptance of their authority: their right to rule, command and be obeyed. The key to habitual obedience is to reach the mind. Obedience will scarcely be habitual unless it is loyal, not forced. In essence, authority must be voluntarily accepted.

Political power viewed as derive from violence

          If the population widely believes that the real power in politics derives from violence that it “comes out of the barrel of a gun”, then whoever has the most and biggest guns will find it much easier to control the population.

          Most such populations then passively submit. Sometimes, however people who reject the current regime as oppressive and who see the power of violence arrayed against them conclude that they must use whatever violence they can muster against their oppressors. This may take the form of violent rebellions, assassinations, terrorism or guerrilla warfare. The results of these action for the oppressed population have often been far from positive . Violent rebels are unlikely to succeed against extreme odds and the general population most likely will suffer massive casualties.

          In the unlikely case that violent rebels succeed in defeating oppressive rulers, the rebels will probably have simply established themselves as a new ruling elite in control of the state apparatus. Violence may on occasion remove the previous rulers or groups. However, the actual relationship between the dominant elite and the  dominated population is unlikely to be fundamentally altered by use of violence. In fact, the violence will likely contribute to a still greater concentration of power and an increased use of violence for political objectives.

Obedience is the heart of political power

          The relationship between command and obedience is always one of mutual influence and some degree of interaction. That is, command and obedience influence each other. Without the expected obedience by the subordinates (whether in the form of passive acquiescence or active consent) the power relationship is not complete, despite the threat or in-flection of sanctions.

          The reasons why people obey rulers are multiple, complex, variable, and interrelated. These reasons include the following.

* Habit

* Fear of sanctions

* Moral obligation------

* Self interest

* Psychological identification with the ruler

* Indifference

* Absence of self -confidence to disobey

Sources of political power

      

      The persons who are at any point the rulers do not  personally possess the power of control, administration , and repression that they wield . How much power they possess depends on how much power society will grant them. Six of these sources of political power are;                                   

  (1)Authority:  This may also be called legitimacy. It is the quality that leads people to accept a right of persons and groups to lead, commaned, direct, and be heard or obeyed by others. Authority is vol-untarily  accepted  by the people and therefore is present without the imposition of sanctions (or punishments). The authority  figures  need  not necessarily be actually  superior. It is enough that the person or group be perceived and accepted as superior. While not identical with power,authority is clearly a main source of power. 

Waging nonviolent struggle----------

By Gene sharp

 

From the late eighteenth century through the twentieth century ,The technique of nonviolent action was widely used in colonial rebelio-ns, international political and economic conflicts, religious conflicts, and anti-slavery resistance. This technique has been aimed to secure worke-rs; right to organize, woman’s rights,  universal manhood suffrage , and woman suffrage. This type of struggle has been used to gain national in-dependence , to generate economic gains, to resist genocide,to under-mine dictatorship, and to gain civil rights. To end  segregation , and toresist foreign occupations and d’etat .

          In the twentieth century , nonviolent action rose tounprecedent-ed political significance throughout the world. People using this techni-que amassed major achievements, and  of course , experienced faiture at times. Higher wages and improved working conditions were won . Oppressive traditions and practices were  abolished . Both men and women won the right to vote in several countries in part  by using thisTechnique. Government policies were changed  , laws repealed , new legislation enacted ,  and governmental reforms instituted . Invaders were frustrated and armies defeated, An empire was paralyzed , coupd’etat thwarted, and dictatorships disintegrated . Nonviolent struggle was used against extreme dictatorships, including both Nazi and Communist systems .  

Exposing misconception

 

          In addition to misconceptions conveyed by unfortunate te-rminology, there are other areas of confusion in the field of no-nviolent struggle as well. Despite new studies in recent decades

Inaccuracies and misunderstanding  are still widespread. Here are corrections for some of them.

(1)Nonviolent  action has nothing  to do with passivity, submiss-iveness, or cowardice. Just as in violent action, these must first be rejected and overcome before the struggle can proceed.

(2)Nonviolent action is a means of conducting conflicts and can be very powerful, but it is an extremely different phenomenon from violence of all types.

သိန္းသံုးဆယ္ႏွင့္ အရွင္ဂမၻီရ

         

  ေအာက္တိုဘာလကုန္ေတာ့မည္၊ဆရာေတာ္ အရွင္ဂမၻီရအတြက္အသံုးစရိတ္ေငြကလည္းျပတ္ေတာ့

မည္ျဖစ္သည္။ဒကါလင္း၏အေျခအေနကေတာ့ အေတာ္ေလးယိုင္နဲ႔ေနေပျပီ။အႏၱရယ္စက္ကြင္းထဲသို႔ထိုးေဖါက္

၀င္ေရာက္ေနရသည့္ကာလသည္ကား ႏွစ္လျပည့္ေတာ့မည္။အလယ္ပိုင္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံမဲေဆာက္ျမိဳ႔အ

ထိ အစုန္အဆန္ႏွစ္ေခါက္ ေအာင္ျမင္စြာျဖတ္ေက်ာ္ခဲ့ျပီးျဖစ္သည္။   

 

စက္တင္ဘာ၂၅ ။၂၀၀၇။

အရွင္ဂမၻီရ၏ဆႏၵအရ မႏၱေလးမွ ရန္ကုန္၊ဘားအံ၊ျမ၀တီ၊မဲေဆာက္ခရီးထြက္ခဲ့ရေသာ္လည္းစိတ္မပါ။

ႏွစ္ေပါင္းအေတာ္ၾကာေစာင့္ေမွ်ာ္ေနခဲ့ရသည့္ အခြင့္အခါေကာင္းၾကီးအား မ်က္ကြယ္ျပဳကာထြက္ခြါမသြားခ်င္ခဲ့။

အတူတူပါ၀င္ဆင္ႏႊဲေနရလို႔မွအားမ၇ႏိုင္ေသး။တာ၀န္အရမို႔သာထြက္လာခဲ့၇သည္။ခရီးလမ္းတေလွ်ာက္ေနာက္ဆံတတင္းတင္းျဖစ္ေနသကဲ့သို့ပင္ ေရွ႔ဆံပင္ေတြကိုလည္း ဆြဲယူခံေနရသည့္အလားခံစားေနခဲ့၇သည္။

               ရန္ကုန္ေရာက္ေတာ့ ၂၆ ရက္ည( ဂ)နာရီေက်ာ္ပါျပီ။ကားေပၚကဆင္းလိုက္သည္ႏွင့္ ၾကားရသည့္

သတင္းေတြကေျခလွမ္းေတြကိုတံု႔ဆိုင္သြားေစခဲ့၏။ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ကေျခာက္ကပ္ကပ္။ကာဖ်ဴးအမိန္႔ထုတ္ထားျပီမို႔ လိုင္းကားေတြလဲမရွိေတာ့။တက္ကစီေတြကလဲၾကက္ေပ်ာက္ငွက္ေပ်ာက္။တဲခိုခန္းကလည္း မွတ္ပံုတင္

အပ္၇မွာဆိုေတာ့ မစဥ္းစားရဲ။မထူးေတာ့ အနီးရွိဆိုကၠားတစီးေပၚတက္လိုက္သည္။ေရာက္သေလာက္နင္းခိုင္း

ျပီးက်သေလာက္ရွင္းလိုက္ရ၏။။ကံေကာင္းခ်င္ေတာ့

ေပးဆပ္ျခင္း၏ရလာဒ္

             

ရင္ထဲမွာအစ္ေနဆဲ…။ ပစ္ခတ္တဲ့ ေသနတ္သံေတြနဲ႔ အတူရြတ္ဖတ္ေနတဲ့ ေမတၱာသံေတြက လွ်ံေနဆဲ…။ ျပည့္အန္ေနတဲ့ မ်က္ရည္ေတြၾကားမွာေတာ့ နီေစြးေစြးေသြးကြက္ၾကီးနဲ႔ ပရမ္းပတာ ဖိနပ္ေတြက ေရႊ႔လို႔မရ ဖယ္လို႔မရနဲ႔..။ ေလးႏွစ္ၾကာခဲ့ျပီဆိုေပမဲ့ ေျပးလႊားေနၾကတဲ့ သကၤန္းဗလာနဲ႔ ပံုရိပ္ေတြက ခႏၱီစပါရမီေတြကို ေႏွာက္ယွက္ေနဆဲပါပဲ…။

ေအာ္ ေရႊ၀ါေရာင္ပန္း ေမတၱာလႊမ္းေသာ္လည္း ႏြမ္းေၾကြခဲ့ရေပျပီ။ အဘယ္ေၾကာင့္မ်ား--ေရႊ၀ါေရာင္ပန္း လန္းဆန္းေသာ္လည္း လက္ကမ္းသူ မဲ့၊ေဆာင္ယူမဲ့ခဲ့ရတယ္…။ ဒီညမွာလဲ က်ေနာ္ ေတြးေနဆဲပါ။

U linn talks on

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ေမာင္းႏွင္အား

               

            ဌာန(ေနရာ)ႏွင့္ကာလ(အခ်ိန္)တို႔၏ ဆက္ႏြယ္မႈသည္ အရွိန္(ေမာင္ႏွင္အား)ေပၚတြင္မူတည္၍ေျပာင္းလဲျခင္းျဖစ္

ႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ကမၻာေက်ာ္သိပံပညာရွင္ၾကီးအိုင္စတိုင္းကရွင္းလင္းစြာတြက္ခ်က္ျပသခဲ့ျပီးျဖစ္သည္။တနာရီလွ်င္(၁၀)မိုင္ႏႈန္း

ေမာင္းႏွင္ျခင္းျဖင့္ မိုင္တရာ(၁၀၀) ခရီးကို (၁၀)နာရီၾကာေအာင္ေမာင္းႏွင္ရေသာ္လည္း တနာရီမိုင္(၅၀)ႏႈန္းျဖင့္ေမာင္ႏွင္

လိုက္ပါက (၂)နာရီမွ်သာအခ်ိန္ၾကာေပလိမ့္မည္။ယေန႔ကမၻာတြင္ အလင္း၏အလွ်င္ထက္ ေလးဆျမန္ေသာ ေလယဥ္ပ်ံ

ၾကီးကိုလည္း မၾကာခင္ကာလမွာေတြ႔ျမင္ရေတာ့မွာျဖစ္ေပသည္။

            က်ေနာ္တို႔ေနထိုင္ၾကသည့္ကမၻာၾကီးသည္လည္း ဤလွ်င္ျမန္လွစြာေသာေမာင္ႏွင္အားေၾကာင့္ တေန႔ထက္တေန႔

ပို၍ပို၍ေသးငယ္က်ဥ္းေျမာင္းလာေနျပီျဖစ္သလို အင္တာနက္ကြန္ယက္ၾကီး၏လႊမ္းျခံဳစိုးမိုးျခင္းကိုခံေနရေသာဤကမၻာၾကီး

သည္ ကုန္စံုဆိုင္ေရွ႔က ခ်ိတ္ဆြဲထားသည့္ ပိုက္ကြန္ထဲမွေဘာလံုးေလးတလံုးပမာျဖစ္ေနရျပီမဟုတ္ပါလား။

ဂ်င္းရွပ္ႏွင့္ေပါင္းစပ္ၾကည့္ျခင္း

ရႈပ္ေထြးေပြလီလွသည့္ ျမန္မာသမိုင္းေၾကာင္းထဲမွ ေရွလွ်ားေထြျပားလွသည့္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးတိုက္ပြဲအတြင္း

ေရတြက္ရန္မစြမ္းႏိႈင္ေတာ့သည့္ အသက္ကိုစေတးခဲ့ၾကသူမ်ား။ေျခလက္ကိုယ္အဂၤါတို႔အား ျဖတ္

ေတာက္၍လွဴဒါန္းခဲ့ၾကသူမ်ား။တခ်ိဳံံ ႔ကမ်က္စိ၊ တခ်ိဳ႔ ႔ကနားတရြက္ ျဖင့္ ပါရမီျဖည့္စြက္ခဲ့ၾကသူမ်ား။ေျခာက္တိုက္

မွာေလာက္ကိုက္ခံရသူေတြႏွင့္အက်ဥ္းတိုက္မွာရိုက္ႏွက္ခံရသူမ်ား။ကိုယ့္အိုးကိုယ့္အိမ္ေတြက္ို စြန္႔၍ ဒုကၡသည္

ဘ၀ကို မွ်ေ၀ခံစားေနၾကရသူေတြ။ဤအေျခအေနသည္ကား က်ေနာ္တို႔၏ အားနည္းခ်က္ေလာ။ေတာ္လွန္ေရး၏ က်

ရႈံးျခင္းေလာ။

အခြင့္ထူးခံသက္ဦးဆံပိုင္ဘုရင္ဧကရာဇ္တို႔၏ ရက္စက္ေၾကကြဲဘြယ္ရာအမိန္႔အာဏာမ်ားနွင့္ပရမ္းပတာအလြဲ

သံုးစားကိုယ္က်ိဳးရွာသူ မူးမတ္ဗိုလ္ပါေနာက္လိုက္တစုတို႔အား သုတ္သင္ဖယ္ရွား၍  ျပည္သူအမ်ား၏မဲဆႏၵ

ျဖင့္ေရြးေကာက္တင္ေျမွာက္ေသာ ဒီမိုကေရစီအေျခခံအုဠ္ျမစ္ၾကီးကို ျမင့္ျမတ္သည့္ ဂရိစစ္သူၾကီး ပယ္ရီကလီ မွ

BC 600 ခန္႔ကတည္းက ခ်မွတ္အေကာင္အထည္ေဖၚခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ယေန႔အထိ မေတြ႔မျမင္ရေသးသည္မွာ က်ေနာ္

တို႔၏ လံု႔လမဲ့မႈေလာ။ အစဥ္အဆက္တို႔၏တာ၀န္မဲ့မႈေလာ။

ဂ်င္းရွပ္ႏွင့္ေပါင္းစပ္ၾကည့္ျခင္း(၂)

ဂ်င္းရွပ္၏ အၾကမ္းမဖက္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးဘာသာရပ္အား ( တရပ္တရြာမွာတေယာက္) ကၽြမ္းက်င္စြာတတ္

ေျမာက္ေသာေန႔သည္ အာဏာရွင္တို႔၏ေနာက္ဆံုးေန႔ျဖစ္သည္။စစ္မွန္ေသာဒီမိုကေရစီႏွင့္လု႔အခြင့္အေရးတို႔အား

အာမခံသည့္ ဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုၾကီးကို ျငိမ္းခ်မ္းသာယာစြာ တည္ေထာင္ႏိုင္ေသာေန႔ျဖစ္မည္ဟု က်ေနာ္

ေလးေလးနက္နက္ ယံုၾကည္လွ်က္ရွိပါ၏။အဘယ့္ေၾကာင့္ဆိုေသာ္----------------

          ဤဘာသာရပ္တခုလံုးအားအဓိပၸါယ္ဖြင့္လိုက္မည္ဆိုပါက“လႈပ္ရွားျခင္း”ဟူ၍ အေျဖရေပသည္။သို႔ေသာ္ ဗရမ္းဗတာ  လႈပ္ရွားမႈမ်ိဳးေတာ့မဟုတ္။ နေမာ္နမဲ့ လႈပ္ရွားျခင္းမ်ားက္ုလည္းတားျမစ္ထားသည္။ စိတ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ ခံစားမႈေတြႏွင့္တု႔ံျပန္ျခင္းကိုလည္းအထူးေရွာင္ၾကဥ္ေစရန္အတြက္ ကမၻာ့သမိုင္းအေတြ႔အၾကံဳမ်ားျဖင ့္ရွင္းလင္းေဖၚျပထားသည္။၇န္သူအလာကိုထိုင္ေစာင့္၍ အဖမ္းခံရတာမ်ိဳးသည္ အၾကမ္းမဖက္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး မဟုတ္ေၾကာင္းကိုလည္းဖြင့္ဆိုထား၏။

Lin Lin (59): “A fighter should first fight himself” Activists Calling U Lin Lin’s Voice

U Lin Lin (not his real name) is 59 years old and an NLD member from Pakkoku.

He offers me a choice of three subjects he wants to talk about:

U Thant uprising

1988 uprising

2007 uprising

After deliberation, we decide to talk about the 2007 Saffron Revolution and his role in it.

ရူးခ်င္ေယာင္ေဆာင္ျခင္း

အလင္းေရာင္မဲ. ေမွာင္မိုက္ေသာအခန္းထဲမွာကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕ ေနထိုင္ၾကတယ္။တစ္ေယာက္နဲ.တစ္ေယာက္ အျမင္ေတြကမႈန္၀ါး၀ါး မြန္းက်ပ္စြာကြ်န္ေတာ္တို.ေနထိုင္ၾကတယ္။မင္း………စိတ္ညစ္ေနလား လာ………..ဒိံကိုႀကိဳက္တာယူသံုး အားလံုးကေပ်ာ္စ၇ာခ်ည္းပဲဒိံအခန္းက်ဥ္းက်ဥ္းေလးမွာကြ်န္ေတာ္တို.ေနထိုင္ျကတယ္။အျပင္မွာ ဘာ၇ိွလဲမစဥ္းစားနဲ.ေအးခ်မ္းမႈအျပည္.နဲ. လိုတရဗိမာန္တစ္ခုကြ်န္ေတာ္တို. အေပါက္ေဖာက္ျပီးေခ်ာင္းျကည္.တယ္အား………….အလင္းေရာင္ဆိုတာ တယ္မ်က္စိေညာင္းတာပဲ………….ဒါ.ေျကာင္.လူျကီးေတြက သင္ေပးထားတာ"ငါ့အခန္းသည္သာ ငါ့ကမာ(ဘာ)